In this paper, we optimized the apodization profile to improve the dispersion compensation performance of the chirped fiber Bragg gratings (CFBGs). Half tanh half uniform (HTHU), half exponential half uniform (HEHU), and half hamming half uniform (HHHU) apodization profiles were evaluated at 2000 nm wavelength. At this wavelength, Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber (HC-PCF) will be the targeted fiber for the future implementation. In this work, our aim is to obtain the dispersion compensator design with minimum average group delay ripple (GDR) and maximum Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) bandwidth. The result shows that the best FWHM bandwidth is obtained by using HTHU profile that is approximately 96.27 %. In term of GDR, all apodization profiles show similar performance.
Exploring 2000 nm transmission window in optical communication system is one of important solutions to increase the bandwidth. To explore this transmission window, several measures need to be taken in optimizing dispersion compensation for this window. Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber (HC-PCF) was introduced as the transmission fiber, which is dominated by waveguide dispersion [1]. The Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD) of HC-PCF can be compensated at a given wavelength by scaling the fiber dimensions. However, this method is costly and complex. The dispersion slope of HC-PCFs is very steep. Consequently the range of zero dispersion wavelengths is very small. This means that without Chromatic Dispersion Compensator (CDC), HC-PCF can only support a small number of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) channels. One of the methods to compensate HC-PCF’s GVD is to use apodized Chirped Fiber Bragg Gratings (CFBG) [2]. Several researches focused on optimizing the apodization profile to improve the performance of CDC at 1.55 μm wavelength [3–5]. Selection of the best parameters for the CFBG such as grating length, chirp period and index variation is very important. Apodization is a crucial procedure to reduce the group delay ripple that influences by chirped FBG dispersion characteristics [2, 6, 7]. The worst effect of apodization is losses in the bandwidth, which is very crucial.
In this paper, a simulation by using Matlab is conducted to evaluate three apodization profiles namely Half Tanh Half Uniform (HTHU), Half Exponential Half Uniform (HEHU), and Half Hamming Half Uniform (HHHU) profiles. The average group delay ripple and the bandwidth’s variation are monitored to determine the optimum CDC performance at 2000 nm wavelength.
Methods
In order to design a CFBG with specified reflectivity and bandwidth, we use an objective reflectivity response as a reference for the designing process. We set 100 % reflectivity, and 0.8 nm Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) bandwidth as the target as shown in Eq. 1:
The optimum value of refractive index modulation amplitude, Δn, CFBG length, \( {L}_{\mathit{\mathsf{g}}} \), and the chirp parameter, C, is obtained by using the error estimation equation (Eq. 2) where error, E is defined as
$$ E={\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^N}{\left({R}_{Obj}\left({\lambda}_i\right)-{R}_{Sim}\left({\lambda}_i\right)\right)}^2=0,\ i=1,2,\dots, N $$
(2)
where λi is the discrete set of wavelengths, and Rsim is the simulated reflectivity.
Referring to Eq. (2), our simulation shows that the parameters that give the minimum E are \( {L}_{\mathit{\mathsf{g}}}=108\ mm \), Δn = 9e− 5 and C = − 0.23e− 1nm/cm.
Figure 1 shows the simulated reflectivity response (blue) of a non-apodized CFBG, and the corresponding group delay (red). It is shown that the reflectivity nearly reaches 100 % and the 3-dB bandwidth is about 0.8 nm. The slope of the group delay indicates the amount of chromatic dispersion that can be compensated by our CDC that is about −1500 ps/nm. The value of group delay ripple (GDR) is too large, which is around ± 30 ps. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reduce GDR while maintaining the bandwidth as optimum as possible.
Fig. 1
The simulated reflectivity (blue), the group delay (red)
Results and discussion
To suppress the GDR, several apodization profiles have been tested [8]. In this paper, we optimize the following apodization profiles in which we consider the bandwidth to be the effective element as GDR.
Sharpness parameter a is used to control the sharpness of the apodization profile.
Reflectivity and group delay vary with the refractive index change, \( {\overline{\delta n}}_{eff}\ (z) \). Eq. 3, Eq. 4 and Eq. 5, show that the sharpness parameter a is the variable that determines the value of \( {\overline{\delta n}}_{eff}\ (z) \). Therefore, it can also be used to optimize the reflectivity and GDR. Varying parameter α will vary both reflectivity FWHM bandwidth, and GDR. However, minimizing GDR will be accompanied by the loss of reflectivity bandwidth. Figure 2 (a) and (b) respectively show the effect of implementing HTHU profile (Eq. 3) with α = 1 to the reflectivity bandwidth and GDR. It can be noticed that the bandwidth reduces significantly as the targeted GDR is achieved. This trade-off shows that the optimization of the apodization profile is very important to obtain optimum performance.
Fig. 2
Apodized and unapodized (a) reflectivity and (b) group delay
Selecting the optimum point of α solves a tradeoff between the maximum FWHM bandwidth and minimum GDR. Thus, we rely on a new method to manage this conflict. This method depends on the relationship between the normalized apodized mean GDR and the apodized FWHM bandwidth. Equations (6) and (7) represent the normalized GDR, Fripple and normalized FWHM bandwidth, Fbandwidth, where Aapod and Aunapod are the apodized and unapodized peak to peak GDR amplitude respectively. BWapod and BWunapod are the apodized and unapodized FHWM bandwidth respectively.
Distance d is measured from the point Fripple = 0 and Fbandwidth = 1, to any point on the curve, as depicted in Fig. 3.
The optimum point of α can be obtained at the minimum value of d, denoted as dmin. Figure 4 (a), Fig. 4 (b) and Fig. 4 (c) show the values of d at different value of sharpness parameter for different apodization profile. d1, d2 and d3 are the shortest distance for HTHU, HEHU and HHHU profiles respectively. These results occur at a = 13 for HTHU profile, a = 47 for HEHU and a = 1 for HHHU (d1 = 0.1209, d2 = 0.1935, d3 = 0.2556).
Fig. 4
The distance, d, versus the sharpness parameter, a for (a) HTHU profile, (b) HEHU profile, (c) HHHU profile
Figure 5 shows the relationship between Fbandwidth and Fripple for HTHU, HEHU and HHHU apodization profiles during the optimization process. All apodization profiles manage to reach the minimum value of Fripple of around 0.12. In contrast, different values of bandwidth are achieved for different apodization profile. The FWHM bandwidth for HTHU profile is the closest to the targeted value (0.8 nm), which is approximately 96.27 %. HEHU profile obtained 85.56 % and 77.71 % is recorded for HHHU profile. Therefore, we decided that HTHU is the best among the 3 optimized apodization profiles, and is the best to be used in the design of the CFBG.
Fig. 5
Group delay ripple factor ratio versus bandwidth factor ratio for three apodization functions
Figure 6 shows the reflectivity response of CFBG and corresponding group delay after applying the HTHU apodization profile with α = 13. In comparison to Fig. 1 (unapodized case), the FWHM bandwidth is reduced by around 0.03 nm. This reduction is acceptable as it may not significantly affect the characteristic of the system. Figure 7 and Fig. 8 show the reflectivity responses and corresponding group delay after applying HEHU and HHHU apodization profiles respectively. The values of α are 47 and 1 for HEHU and HHHU apodization profiles respectively. The percentage bandwidth loss in case of HEHU and HHHU are 14.5 % (0.115 nm) and 22 % (0.18 nm) respectively. On the other hand, with the best optimized apodization profiles, the GDR is reduced to the minimum extent. These results show that our target to design a CFBG that can become the CDC with optimum performance has been achieved.
Fig. 6
The simulated reflectivity (blue color), the group delay (red color) with optimized HTHU apodization profile
Fig. 7
The simulated reflectivity (blue color), the group delay (red color) with optimized HEHU apodization profile
Fig. 8
The simulated reflectivity (blue color), the group delay (red color) with optimized HHHU apodization profile
Conclusions
HTHU profile is found to be the best apodization profile in designing high performance CDC. The optimization method used in this work is a good technique to evaluate and optimize the apodization profile. Our results show that by using HTHU profile, CDC working at 2000 nm wavelength range can be realized with optimum performance. Apart from the tested wavelength, with minimum modification, this optimization method can also be used for other bands. This report may become very important for the CDC researchers especially those who have interest in exploring the future 2000 nm bands.
Declarations
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for supporting this work through RG-1437-008 Research Group Fund.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University
(2)
Wireless and Photonics Research Center, Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia
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