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Scattering from metamaterial coated nihility sphere

  • A. Ghaffar1Email author,
  • M. M. Hussan1,
  • Majeed A. S. Alkanhal2 and
  • Sajjad  ur Rehman2
Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications201713:9

https://doi.org/10.1186/s41476-017-0037-9

©  The Author(s) 2017

Received: 3 December 2016

Accepted: 15 February 2017

Published: 17 March 2017

Abstract

Background

To show the Back-Scattering efficiencies of nihility sphere become non-zero, scattering from metamaterial coated nihility sphere has been carried out in the presented work.

Methods

The field phasors are expanded in terms of spherical wave vector function along with assumed scattering coefficients. Boundaries conditions are applied at each interface, i.e., free space- metamaterial coating and metamaterial coating-nihility sphere core.

Results

Scattering coefficients are obtained by using boundary conditions at each interface. The scattering efficiencies are obtained in graphical form by varying both permittivity and permeability of metamaterial using MATHEMATICA software. Under some special conditions obtained results are compared with already published literature to show the correctness of present formulations.

Conclusion

It is observed that Back-Scattering efficiencies of nihility sphere becomes non-zero when we introduce a metamaterial coating layer on it. It is also noticed that the scattering efficiencies are dependent on coating thickness as well as permittivity and permeability of metamaterials.

Keywords

Nihility Sphere Metamaterial Scattering Forward-scattering efficiency Back-scattering and Extinction efficiency

Background

A lot of engineers, researchers and professional’s belonging to optical society pay a vital consideration towards those materials which were artificially designed, which we often call as metamaterial. Because metamaterials are tremendously good to tune and control the electromagnetic properties at vide range of frequencies which is not possible for naturally occurring materials. Many researchers used metamaterials as filters, phase shifters, perfect reflectors, electromagnetic invisibility cloak, and wave guiders [1–5]. Some characteristic metamaterials which were being considered widely in already published work are plasma, Perfect Electromagnetic Conductor(PEMC), chiral [6], chiral nihility and split ring resonator (SRR) [7–9]. The nihility medium was considered as “the electromagnetically nilpotent” and has the most surprising impression in the field of electromagnetics and optics, in this material the relative permeability and relative permittivity both have zero magnitude. Nihility material introduced by Lakhtakia [10, 11] attracted many researchers because wave cannot propagate in nihility medium. Lakhtakia postulated that nihility medium is a medium whose permittivity and permeability both are null valued [10–13]. Due to null valued permittivity and permeability this medium does not allow the wave to propagate. Maxwell equation under nihility conditions reduced into below form
$$ \nabla \times \boldsymbol{E}=0 $$
(1)
$$ \nabla \times \boldsymbol{H}=0 $$
(2)

Many researchers used nihility material and performed many experiments regarding nihility waveguides, electromagnetic/plane wave scattering from different objects made up of nihility material [11, 12, 14–18]. Lakhtakia derived the mathematical solutions for scattering of electromagnetic wave from sphere made up of nihility and concluded that its Back-Scattering efficiency is exactly zero, he also reported that both Forward-scattering and Extinction efficiencies of nihility sphere showed larger magnitude than perfect electric and perfect magnetic conductors [12]. In addition Lakhtakia and Geddes proposed the analytical solution of plane wave scattering from infinite long nihility cylinder [11]. Ahmad et al., analytically solved the plane wave scattering by considering infinite long nihility cylinder coated with metamaterials and deduced that metamaterial layer can tune the scattering efficiencies [19]. The scattering characteristics of plane wave scattering from infinite cylinder made up of nihility covered with chiral layer also has been studied by Ahmed and Naqvi [20]. Sobia et al., analytically formulated the scattering of the electromagnetic wave from chiral coated nihility cylinder embedded in chiral media [21]. Yaqoob et al., used anisotropic plasma as a coating material and solved the scattering problem from nihility cylinder placed in chiral medium, and deduced that chiral and anisotropic plasma parameters can be used to tune the scattering efficiencies [22].

In the present paper, the problem of electromagnetic wave scattering from nihility sphere coated with metamaterial, i.e., Double Positive (DPS), Double Negative (DNG), Epsilon Negative (EMG) and Mu negative (MNG) are formulated mathematically and computationally. For the simplicity of mathematical formulations coating layer has been considered of uniform thickness. In order to expand the incident, the scattered and the transmitted electromagnetic field, spherical wave vector function are used. For mathematical solutions, the proposed geometry of subjected problem was sliced into three regions free space as region 0, metamaterial coating as region 1 and Nihility sphere as region 2, shown in the Fig. 1. By applying the boundaries conditions at each interface a set of eight equations are obtained which are used to find the scattering coefficients. These obtained scattering coefficients are used to calculate the scattering efficiencies, which were then compared with already published literature to show the accuracy of present formulation. In this paper the time dependence e − jωt was considered throughout the mathematical formulation.
Fig. 1

Metamaterial coated nihility sphere

Analytical Formulations and Method

The propose geometry of the presented problem of plane wave scattering from nihility sphere coated with DPS, DNG, MNG or ENG material is depicted in Fig. 1. Where b and a represents the radius of sphere with coating and without coating respectively. The outer medium i.e. ρ ≥ b is free space having wave number \( {k}_0=\omega \sqrt{\epsilon_0{\mu}_0} \) is represented by region 0. The coating medium a < ρ < b with wave number \( {k}_1=\omega \sqrt{\epsilon_1{\mu}_1} \) is termed as region 1. Region ρ < a with wavenumber \( {k}_2=\omega \sqrt{\epsilon_2{\mu}_2} \) is represented by region 2.

In spherical coordinate system (r, θ, φ) the spherical wave vector functions are given as.
$$ {\boldsymbol{M}}_{\sigma mn\gamma}^{(l)}=\nabla \times \left[\boldsymbol{r}{Y}_{\sigma mn}\left(\theta, \varphi \right){R}_n^l\left({k}_{\gamma} r\right)\right] $$
(3)
$$ {\boldsymbol{N}}_{\sigma mn\gamma}^{(l)} = \frac{1}{k_{\gamma}}\left[\nabla \times {\boldsymbol{M}}_{\sigma mn\gamma}^{(l)}\right] $$
(4)

Where Y σmn (θ, φ) represents spherical harmonic, the most significant property of spherical harmonics is its parity. Here σ represents the parity of spherical harmonics, which is even when σ = e and odd when σ = o. The radial function \( {R}_n^l\left({k}_{\gamma} r\right) \) transform to the spherical Bessel J n (k γ r), Spherical Neumann function n n (k γ r) and spherical Hankel function h n (k γ r) corresponding to l = 1, 2, 3 respectively. Where subscript γ represents the appropriate wave number i.e., γ = 0, 1, 2 Represents the region 0 (free space) wave number and region 1 wave number k 1 and so on.

A Plane wave traveling in + z direction with its electric field polarized in the positive x direction is incident on metamaterial coated nihility sphere. The incident electromagnetic field in terms of spherical vector wave functions is given as.
$$ {E}_{\mathrm{inc}}(r)={E}_0{\displaystyle {\sum}_{n=1}^{\infty }{i}^n}\frac{\left(2 n+1\right)}{n\left( n+1\right)}\left({\boldsymbol{M}}_{\mathrm{oln}}^{(1)}- i{\boldsymbol{N}}_{\mathrm{eln}}^{(1)}\right) $$
(5)
$$ {H}_{\mathrm{inc}}(r)=-\frac{k_0}{\omega {\mu}_0}{E}_0{\displaystyle {\sum}_{n=1}^{\infty }{i}^n}\frac{\left(2 n+1\right)}{n\left( n+1\right)}\left({\boldsymbol{M}}_{\mathrm{eln}}^{(1)}+ i{\boldsymbol{N}}_{\mathrm{oln}}^{(1)}\right) $$
(6)

Where k 0 and μ 0 is the wavenumber and permeability of free space.

The scattered field can be written as
$$ {E}_{\mathrm{sc}}(r)={E}_0{\displaystyle {\sum}_{n=1}^{\infty }{i}^n}\frac{\left(2 n+1\right)}{n\left( n+1\right)}\left( i{a}_n{\boldsymbol{N}}_{\mathrm{eln}}^{(3)}-{b}_n{\boldsymbol{M}}_{\mathrm{oln}}^{(3)}\right) $$
(7)
$$ {H}_{\mathrm{sc}}(r)=\frac{k_0}{{\upomega \upmu}_0}{E}_0{\displaystyle {\sum}_{n=1}^{\infty }{i}^n}\frac{\left(2 n+1\right)}{n\left( n+1\right)}\left( i{b}_n{\boldsymbol{N}}_{\mathrm{oln}}^{(3)}+{a}_n{\boldsymbol{M}}_{\mathrm{eln}}^{(3)}\right) $$
(8)
Electromagnetic field that transmitted in region 1 can be represented as
$$ {E}_I(r)={E}_0{\displaystyle {\sum}_{n=1}^{\infty }{i}^n}\frac{\left(2 n+1\right)}{n\left( n+1\right)}\left({c}_n{\boldsymbol{M}}_{\mathrm{oln}}^{(1)}+{d}_n{\boldsymbol{M}}_{\mathrm{oln}}^{(2)}- i{e}_n{\boldsymbol{N}}_{\mathrm{eln}}^{(1)}- i{f}_n{\boldsymbol{N}}_{\mathrm{eln}}^{(2)}\right) $$
(9)
$$ {H}_I(r)=\frac{-{\mathrm{k}}_1}{{\upomega \upmu}_1}{E}_0{\displaystyle {\sum}_{n=1}^{\infty }{i}^n}\frac{\left(2 n+1\right)}{n\left( n+1\right)}\left({e}_n{\boldsymbol{M}}_{\mathrm{eln}}^{(1)}+{f}_n{\boldsymbol{M}}_{\mathrm{eln}}^{(2)}- i{c}_n{\boldsymbol{N}}_{\mathrm{oln}}^{(1)}- i{d}_n{\boldsymbol{N}}_{\mathrm{oln}}^{(2)}\right) $$
(10)
Here k1 represents the wavenumber in region 1 having μ1 its permeability. Electromagnetic Field present in region 2 is
$$ {E}_{II}(r)={E}_0{\displaystyle {\sum}_{n=1}^{\infty }{i}^n\frac{\left(2 n+1\right)}{n\left( n+1\right)}\left[{g}_n{\boldsymbol{M}}_{\mathrm{oln}}^{(1)}- i{h}_n{\boldsymbol{N}}_{\mathrm{eln}}^{(1)}\right]} $$
(11)
$$ {H}_{II}(r)=\frac{-{\mathrm{k}}_2}{{\upomega \upmu}_2}{E}_0{\displaystyle {\sum}_{n=1}^{\infty }{i}^n}\frac{\left(2 n+1\right)}{n\left( n+1\right)}\left[{l}_n{\boldsymbol{M}}_{\mathrm{eln}}^{(1)}+ i{l}_n{\boldsymbol{N}}_{\mathrm{oln}}^{(1)}\right] $$
(12)
The analytically solved boundary conditions at both interface are listed below
$$ \left.\begin{array}{l}{E}_{\theta}^{inc}\kern0.5em +{E}_{\theta}^{scat}\kern0.5em =\kern0.5em {E}_{\theta}^I\kern13em \rho \kern0.5em =\kern0.5em b\\ {}{H}_{\theta}^{inc}\kern0.5em +\kern0.5em {H}_{\theta}^{scat}\kern0.5em =\kern0.5em {H}_{\theta}^I\kern12.5em \rho \kern0.5em =\kern0.5em b\\ {}\\ {}{E}_{\theta}^I\kern0.5em =\kern0.5em {E}_{\theta}^{I I}\kern18em \rho =\kern0.5em a\\ {}{H}_{\theta}^I\kern0.5em =\kern0.5em {H}_{\theta}^{I I}\kern18em \rho =\kern0.5em a\end{array}\right\} $$
(13)
By using field Eqs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 in the Eq. 13 set of eight equations are obtained in terms of scattering coefficients.
$$ {h}_n\left({r}_0\right){b}_n+{j}_n\left({r}_1\right){c}_n+{n}_n\left({r}_1\right){d}_n={j}_n\left({r}_0\right) $$
(14)
$$ {r}_1{\left[{r}_0{h}_n\left({r}_0\right)\right]}^{\prime }{a}_n+{r}_0{\left[{r}_1{j}_n\left({r}_1\right)\right]}^{\prime }{e}_n+{r}_0{\left[{r}_1{n}_n\left({r}_1\right)\right]}^{\prime }{f}_n={r}_1{\left[{r}_0\ {j}_n\left({r}_0\right)\right]}^{\prime } $$
(15)
$$ {\upeta}_0^{-1}{h}_n\left({r}_0\right){a}_n+{\upeta}_1^{-1}{j}_n\left({r}_1\right){e}_n+{\upeta}_1^{-1}{n}_n\left({r}_1\right){f}_n={\upeta}_0^{-1}{j}_n\left({r}_0\right) $$
(16)
$$ {\upeta}_0^{-1}{r}_1{\left[{r}_0{h}_n\left({r}_0\right)\right]}^{\prime }{b}_n-{\upeta}_1^{-1}{r}_0{\left[{r}_1{j}_n\left({r}_1\right)\right]}^{\prime }{c}_n-{\upeta}_1^{-1}{r}_0{\left[{r}_1{n}_n\left({r}_1\right)\right]}^{\prime }{d}_n={\upeta}_0^{-1}{r}_1{\left[{r}_0\ {j}_n\left({r}_0\right)\right]}^{\prime } $$
(17)
$$ {j}_n\left({r}_2\right){c}_n+{n}_n\left({r}_2\right){d}_n-{j}_n\left({r}_3\right){g}_n=0 $$
(18)
$$ {r}_3{\left[{r}_2{j}_n\left({r}_2\right)\right]}^{\prime }{e}_n+{r}_3{\left[{r}_2{n}_n\left({r}_2\right)\right]}^{\prime }{f}_n-{r}_2{\left[{r}_3{j}_n\left({r}_3\right)\right]}^{\prime }{h}_n=0 $$
(19)
$$ {\upeta}_1^{-1}{j}_n\left({r}_2\right){e}_n+{\upeta}_1^{-1}{n}_n\left({r}_2\right){f}_n-{\upeta}_2^{-1}{j}_n\left({r}_3\right){h}_n=0 $$
(20)
$$ {\upeta}_1^{-1}{r}_3{\left[{r}_2{j}_n\left({r}_2\right)\right]}^{\prime }{c}_n+{\upeta}_1^{-1}{r}_3{\left[{r}_2{n}_n\left({r}_2\right)\right]}^{\prime }{d}_n-{\upeta}_2^{-1}{r}_2{\left[{r}_3{j}_n\left({r}_3\right)\right]}^{\prime }{g}_n=0 $$
(21)

Where the impedance is defined as \( {\eta}_n=\sqrt{\frac{\mu_n}{\epsilon_n}} \). These equations are solved for scattering coefficients a n and b n which are then used to solve the scattering efficiency, Forward-scattering efficiency, Back-scattering and Extinction efficiency as given below where k 0 b = r 0 , k 1 b = r 1, k 1 a = r 2 , k 2 a = r 3

The energy flow (Poynting vector) was obtained by implementing the scattered field solution and can be written as [23]
$$ {S}_i=\frac{1}{2} R e\left({E}_i\times {H}_i^{\ast}\right) $$
$$ {S}_s=\frac{1}{2} R e\left({E}_s\times {H}_s^{\ast}\right) $$
$$ {S}_{ext}=\frac{1}{2} R e\left({E}_i{H}_s^{\ast }-{E}_s{H}_i^{\ast}\right) $$
Where S i and S s are the corresponding Poynting vector associated with incident and scattered field respectively, while S ext represents the Poynting vector induced due to interaction between incident and scattered electromagnetic waves. By following standard Mie theory, if we integrate the above equation over a large sphere, various scattering efficiencies can be obtained [24]. This yields the extinction efficiency and scattering efficiencies (forward scattered and backscattered) [23, 24] as presented in Eqs. 22, 23 and 24.
$$ {Q}_{ext}=\frac{2}{{r_0}^2}{\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty }}\left(2 n+1\right)\mathrm{\Re}\left({a}_n+{b}_n\right) $$
(22)
$$ {Q}_{forward}=\frac{1}{{r_0}^2}{\left|{\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty }}\left(2 n+1\right){\left({a}_n+{b}_n\right)}^2\right|}^2 $$
(23)
$$ {Q}_{b ackward}=\frac{1}{{r_0}^2}{\left|{\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty }}{\left(-1\right)}^n\left(2 n+1\right){\left({b}_n-{a}_n\right)}^2\right|}^2 $$
(24)

By using values of scattering coefficients a n and b n in above equation nihility condition is applied i.e., ϵ 2 = 0 and μ 2 = 0, and results are obtained.

Results and discussions

In the previous section, mathematical formulations of plane wave scattering from nihility sphere coated with metamaterial have been calculated. In order to gain the more detail of the presented work and also to check the correctness of mathematical formulations Forward-scattering and Extinction efficiencies are plotted under some special conditions. The obtained results are then compared with already published literature [12] which depicted the accuracy of the presented formulation. When we removed the coating layer by considering b = a, ϵ 2 = ϵ 1, μ 2 = μ 1 and by applying nihility boundary conditions i.e., ϵ 1 → 0, μ 1 → 0 the presented problem reduced to electromagnetic wave scattering from nihility sphere. Then by using these specified conditions Forward-scattering and Extinction efficiencies are plotted by using MATHEMATICA software and compared with already published work which are in great agreement as shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
Fig. 2

Forward-scattering efficiency as a function of k0a when coating layer has been removed by setting coating layer parameter equals to core i.e. nihility b = a, ϵ2 = ϵ1, μ2 = μ1

Fig. 3

Extinction efficiency as a function of k0a when coating layer has been removed by setting coating layer parameter equals to core i.e. nihility b = a, ϵ2 = ϵ1, μ2 = μ1

To compare the obtained results of nihility core coated with metamaterial with PEC and PMC sphere coated with metamaterial conversion conditions presented in Table 1 were enforced.
Table 1

Material conversion values

Material

ϵ1

μ 1

Nihility

≈ 0

≈ 0

PEC

≈ ∞

≈ 0

PMC

≈ 0

≈ ∞

DPS Coating

Figure 4 represents the comparison between Forward-Scattering efficiencies of nihility, PEC and PMC sphere when coated with DPS metamaterial as a function of coating layer thickness with following parameters ϵ 1 = 2.54, μ 1 = 1, a = 0.5 × λ, f = 1GHz. By analyzing Fig. 4 we deduced that the Forward-scattering efficiency of nihility sphere is higher than that of PEC sphere and PMC sphere at higher values of coating thickness and lower at lower values of coating thickness. Figure 5 shows the compared results of Back-Scattering efficiencies versus coating layer thickness when nihility, PEC and PMC sphere covered with layer of DPS metamaterial by inserting following parameters ϵ 1 = 2.54, μ 1 = 1, a = 0.5 × λ, f = 1GHz. Figure 5 reflects that the Back-Scattering efficiency of nihility sphere is lower (but not zero as in uncoated case [12]) than PEC sphere and PMC sphere when coated with DPS metamaterial layer. In Fig. 6 the Extinction efficiencies of different sphere core i.e., nihility, PEC and PMC are coated with DPS metamaterial and are comparatively plotted against the coating thickness by considering the same parameters as that used in Figs. 4 and 5. By analyzing Fig. 6, we reported that the extinction efficiency of nihility sphere is higher as compared to PEC and PMC cases at higher values of coating thickness and vice versa.
Fig. 4

Forward-scattering efficiency of nihility, PEC and PMC sphere as a function of b/a when ϵ1 = 2.54, μ1 = 1, a = 0.5 × λ, f = 1GHz.

Fig. 5

Back-scattering efficiency of nihility, PEC and PMC sphere as a function of b/a when ϵ1 = 2.54, μ1 = 1, a = 0.5 × λ, f = 1GHz

Fig. 6

Extinction efficiency of nihility, PEC and PMC sphere as a function of b/a when ϵ1 = 2.54, μ1 = 1, a = 0.5 × λ, f = 1GHz.

DNG Coating

Forward-scattering, Back-scattering and Extinction efficiencies of nihility sphere are plotted along with PEC and PMC sphere when coated with DNG metamaterial when ϵ 1 = − 2.54, μ 1 = − 1, a = 0.5 × λ, f = 1GHz as shown in Figs. 7, 8 and 9 respectively. From Figs. 7, 8 and 9 we concluded that when the nihility sphere is coated with DNG metamaterial the behavior of Forward-scattering, Back-scattering and Extinction efficiencies are more sensitive than DPS coated nihility sphere and Forward-Scattering, Back-scattering and Extinction efficiencies depict higher magnitude then PEC and PMC at lower values of coating thickness and vice versa.
Fig. 7

Forward-scattering efficiency of nihility, PEC and PMC sphere as a function of b/a when ϵ1 = − 2.54, μ1 = − 1, a = 0.5 × λ, f = 1GHz

Fig. 8

Back-scattering efficiency of nihility, PEC and PMC sphere as a function of b/a when ϵ1 = − 2.54, μ1 = − 1, a = 0.5 × λ, f = 1GHz

Fig. 9

Extinction efficiency of nihility, PEC and PMC sphere as a function of b/a when ϵ1 = − 2.54, μ1 = − 1, a = 0.5 × λ, f = 1GHz

ENG and MNG Coating

Forward-scattering, Back-Scattering and Extinction efficiencies of nihility sphere when coated with metamaterial by substituting following parameters: μ 1 = − 1, a = 0.4 × λ, b = 1.5 × a, f = 1GHz were compared with PEC and PMC sphere as shown in Figs. 10, 11 and 12. From Fig. 10 we concluded that the both Forward-scattering and Extinction efficiencies of nihility core depict lower magnitude than PEC and PMC sphere when we considered only MNG (ϵ 1 = 0 to 5) coating while, show higher magnitude than PEC and PMC when coating has been considered of DNG (ϵ 1 − 2 to − 1). It was further deduced that the Back-scattering efficiency of nihility is lower than PEC and PMC, which can be confirmed from Fig. 11.
Fig. 10

Comparison between Forward-Scattering efficiencies of nihility, PEC and PMC sphere as a function of ϵ1 when μ1 = − 1, a = 0.4 × λ, b = 1.5 × a, f = 1GHz

Fig. 11

Comparison between Back-Scattering efficiencies of nihility, PEC and PMC sphere as a function of ϵ1 when μ1 = − 1, a = 0.4 × λ, b = 1.5 × a, f = 1GHz

Fig. 12

Comparison between Extinction efficiencies of nihility, PEC and PMC sphere as a function of ϵ1 when μ1 = − 1, a = 0.4 × λ, b = 1.5 × a, f = 1GHz

Forward-scattering, Back-Scattering and Extinction efficiencies of nihility sphere as a function of μ 1 when coated with metamaterial by considering following parameters ϵ 1 = − 2.54, a = 0.4 × λ, b = 1.5 × a, f = 1GHz are compared with PEC and PMC sphere as shown in Figs. 13, 14 and 15 respectively. By analyzing Figs. 13 and 15 it is reported that the magnitude of both Forward-Scattering and Extinction efficiencies corresponding to nihility sphere depicts higher magnitude than PEC and PMC sphere only when the value of μ 1 ranging between -5 to -4, while show lower magnitude value as compared to PEC and PMC when μ 1 = -4 to 0. The Back-Scattering efficiency of nihility sphere recorded maximum when μ 1 = -4, and minimum as compared to PEC and PMC at other values of μ 1, which can be verified from Fig. 14. From these Figs, it was deduced that Forward-scattering and Extinction efficiencies of nihility depict higher magnitude than PEC and PMC in MNG coating case (at some specific values of permeability) and lower in ENG coating case as shown in Figs. 13, 14 and 15.
Fig. 13

Comparison between Forward-Scattering efficiencies of nihility, PEC and PMC sphere as a function of μ 1 when ϵ1 = − 2.54, a = 0.4 × λ, b = 1.5 × a, f = 1GHz

Fig. 14

Comparison between Back-Scattering efficiencies of nihility, PEC and PMC sphere as a function of μ 1 when ϵ1 = − 2.54, a = 0.4 × λ, b = 1.5 × a, f = 1GHz

Fig. 15

Comparison between Extinction efficiencies of nihility, PEC and PMC sphere as a function of μ 1 when ϵ1 = − 2.54, a = 0.4 × λ, b = 1.5 × a, f = 1GHz

Conclusions

The problem of electromagnetic wave scattering from metamaterial coated nihility sphere by using extended classical wave theory have been mathematically formulated and analyzed. It is observed that the Forward-Scattering, Back-scattering and Extinction efficiencies strongly depend on coating thickness. When we consider the DPS coating, these efficiencies depict higher magnitude than PEC and PMC sphere at higher values of coating thickness, while in DNG case scattering efficiencies following increasing pattern at lower values of coating thickness. It is furthermore reported that in DNG coating case, we observed that lower scattering efficiencies magnitude of Nihility sphere as compared to PEC and PMC at higher values of coating thickness. Based on the obtained results, we predicted that, scattering efficiencies can be controlled and tuned more effectively by producing metamaterial coating layer. These results may be very helpful in the defense technologies and optical illusion devices.

Abbreviations

DNG: 

Double Negative

DPS: 

Double Positive

EMG: 

Epsilon Negative

MNG: 

Mu negative

PEC: 

Perfect Electric Conductor

PMC: 

Perfect Magnetic Conductor

SRR: 

Split Ring Resonator

Declarations

Funding

Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Saud University for its funding of this research through the Research Group no RG-1436-001.

Availability of data and materials

Detail about data has been provided in the article.

Authors’ contributions

All authors contributed equally in all the sections of this work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture
(2)
Department of Electrical Engineering, King Saud University

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