Skip to main content

Advertisement

Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications
Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications Cover Image

Design of fiber-integrated tunable thermo-optic C-band filter based on coated silicon slab

Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications volume 13, Article number: 32 (2017) | Download Citation

Article metrics

Abstract

Background

Optical filters are required to have narrow band-pass filtering in the spectral C-band for applications such as signal tracking, sub-band filtering or noise suppression. These requirements lead to a variety of filters that offer thermo-optic effect for optical switching, however, some of which without proper thermal and optical efficiency.

Methods

In this paper we propose a tunable thermo-optic filtering device based on a coated silicon slab resonator with an increased Q-factor to allow for an efficient thermo-optical switching in the C-band. The device can be designed either for long range wavelength tuning or for short range with increased wavelength resolution.

Results

Theoretical examination of the thermal parameters affecting the filtering process is shown together with experimental results. Proper channel isolation with an extinction ratio of 20 dB is achieved with a spectral bandpass width of 0.07 nm.

Conclusions

This Si slab based filter characteristics make it suitable for wavelength switching systems such as dense wavelength division multiplexing. In addition, the filter is fiber integrated in order for it to be more compatible with other optics communication devices.

Background

Many optical devices have been proposed as an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter [1,2,3]. Some of these devices implementation has been suggested as ring resonators and have been implemented with Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) [4,5,6]. The IIR resonator implementation as a filter is only one among many implemented applications [7,8,9,10,11]. Such applications are often used for spectral ranges around 1530–1565 nm which is defined as the C-band. These filtering devices offer a narrow band-pass, in the full C-band region, which is required for applications such as signal tracking, sub-band filtering and noise suppression [3, 12,13,14,15]. In addition, because of the implementation in the spectral C-band region, these filters can be integrated in optical communication networks.

Recently, a finite impulse response (FIR) filter has been implemented with a built-in IIR resonator in the form of racetrack resonator [16]. Racetrack resonators, among other IIR resonators, are based upon constructive interference effect, in which the optical path length of the resonator is exactly an integer multiplication of half wavelength of the incident laser beam wavelength. Whereas the FIR resonators are discreet-time filters with impulse response that contains a finite number of coefficients and their design is often based upon Mach-Zehnder interferometer and coupler components [17, 18].

The IIR resonator plays an important role in the filters application field; the advantage of IIR filter resonators over the FIR filters stems from the sensitivity of the filter which is greater in IIR resonator and expressed in its high finesse, or Q factor [19]. The sensitivity is defined by how much shift in wavelength does it takes to decrease the transmission from its maximum. The higher the finesse, the less wavelength shift is needed to decrease the transmission to the same lower transmission. This, together with a simplicity of a device made out of only one resonator rather than other options, such as several concatenated chain of Mach-Zehnder interferometers give its advantage.

One important restriction in designing an IIR filter is its realization with Si in order to allow its integration with microelectronic circuitry. In addition, Si thermo-optic coefficient (TOC = 1.86X10−4 1/K) is larger by an order of magnitude than that of silica (10−5 1/K), used in optical fibers; both with specific heat capacity of about 700 J/(kg*K). In a simulation of the thermo-optic effect (TOE) in silica, thermal change of 500 K is needed in order to change its refraction index by 5 × 10−3 refractive index units [20], instead of less than 50 K with silicon. The vast change in temperature can induce involuntary changes in the material parameters such as the change in the free spectral range (FSR) [21]. Hence, with a larger TOC and about the same specific heat capacity, the amount of heat or power required to induce a change in the system with Si instead of silica is lower.

One application of the IIR resonator is an all-optical comb switch for multi-wavelength message routing in photonic networks, which is implemented as a ring resonator [22]. Although silicon ring resonators and in some cases Fabry-Perot (FP) resonators [23], can have high finesse they either require complex structures and metal depositions in highly defined manner or cannot be fabricated in in-fiber applications such as in-fiber modulators since they have to be implemented as part of an SOI chip [24,25,26,27,28]. Even though ring resonators can be made in e.g. InP without any silicon/silica and does not require SOI, they will lack the advantages of silicon such as low price, industry oriented and easier integration in silicon based integrated circuits. Indeed, the coated silicon slab can be regarded as not less complicated, however, since it does not require lithography, etching, annealing or any other process, but only deposition of layers it is said to be less complicated. FB resonator can have high finesse with coating or in other ways, such as shown in [8], in which they propose by recording Bragg mirrors on both sides of the silicon inside a fiber, as discussed in details in the discussion section with a 1 dB insertion loss.

Rather than using a ring resonator, one can implement the IIR resonator as a simple FP resonator. One way to implement it is with a Si slab which has a simpler structure and is SOI independent. The main problem with a Si slab IIR resonator as a filter is that its finesse is low. The finesse, determined by the reflectivity of the slab planes, of a bare silicon slab is about 2.5 with reflectivity of 0.3, which in turn is determined by the high refractive index of 3.5 compared to air, with refractive index of 1. Thus, by increasing the reflectivity of the slab, for instance with coatings, the finesse can increase. Increased finesse is manifested in increased sensitivity to any changes in refractive index as described in details below. With increased sensitivity light passing through the silicon slab, tuned to slab resonance, will be prone to decreased intensity with smaller refractive index changes. In addition, the band width of a resonator with increased finesse is narrower than in a low finesse one, that is, the destructive and constructive interferences will have higher influence on the light intensity of a higher finesse. Therefore, a bare Si slab has a modulation depth of up to 70% or 5 dB, which will be lower than an improved finesse one. In addition, its full width half maximum (FWHM) is about half its FSR which yields a very poor filter compared to high finesse slab.

In this paper, we present a thermo-optic tunable IIR filter based on a coated Si slab for the C-band region. The coated Si slab has significantly improved characteristics over a bare Si such as high modulation depth and low power consumption that are obtained due to the coatings. It has a narrow and smooth transmission window which provides good channel isolation. The bandwidth is shown to be 0.07 nm or almost 9GHz. The coated Si slab improves the transmission performance over a bare Si, as was discussed and detailed in our previous work [29]. This paper is a follow-up work in which the slab improved performance is utilized in an in-fiber application i.e. integrated in-fiber optics communication system filter. The simplicity of the proposed device gives it an advantage over other IIR filters such as ring resonators by enabling it to be integrated between two fibers, avoiding the SOI structures and coupling of tapered waveguides. The characteristics of the proposed device, shown here after, make it suitable for wavelength switching systems such as dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM). The novelty of this paper is also in the fact that this Si slab filter can be a fiber integrated device to be interfaced with other optics communication fibers and fiber based devices.

Methods

Modulation of the filter is achieved by changing the real part of the refractive index of the Si [30]. This can be accomplished by various techniques: Electro-optical Kerr-effect, optical Kerr-effect (such as self-modulation), stress, temperature (TOE), acousto-optical modulation and plasma dispersion effect PDE. We choose to focus on two techniques, PDE and TOE. The first is through a change in the free charge carriers (FCCs) concentration with their injection or through the generation of FCCs. The second can be obtained with temperature variation which modifies the real refractive index, which is the one mainly addressed in this paper. The change in the forbidden gap with temperature governs the changes in the refractive index via Kramers-Kronig relations, thus, affecting the absorption together with the phase (real refractive index). However, the advantage of the TOE over the PDE is that the absorption is lower and even negligible, as can be seen in the results section and in [18, 31].

The TOE theorem describes a direct impact on the real refractive index by the TOC in Si [32]:

$$ \frac{\mathrm{dn}\ }{\mathrm{dT}}=8.61\times {10}^{-5}+3.63\times {10}^{-7}\times T-2.07\times {10}^{-10}\times {T}^2 $$
(1)

where n is the real refractive index and T is the absolute temperature. That is, a rise in temperature of ten degrees around room temperature (RT) induces an increase of 0.001 in refractive index. The proposed device temperature range requirements are 350 K for the entire C-band, however, around only 10 K will be sufficient for about 1 nm wavelength shift such as in the feedback loops application [33]. Since the most commonly used grid spacing for DWDM systems, from those defined by the International Telecommunication Unit Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T), is around 0.8 nm, it could also be used with our method.

Since a Si slab has a high refractive index value ~3.5, the characteristics of a Si FP resonator has a finesse value of 2.5. The normalized transmission of a lossless FP resonator can be described by the Airy function:

$$ \frac{I_{out}}{I_{in}}=\frac{\left(1-{R}_1\right)\left(1-{R}_2\right)}{{\left(1-\sqrt{R_1}\sqrt{R_2}\right)}^2+4\sqrt{R_1}\sqrt{R_2}{\sin}^2\left(\frac{\delta }{2}\right)} $$
(2)

where R1 and R2 are the reflectivity of the FP planes, δ (= 2πnl/λ) is the round trip phase, λ is the laser beam wavelength in vacuum and l is the silicon slab thickness. The transmission spectrum of the resonator is controlled by the phase shift (δ/2) which is determined by the refractive index n = n0 + Δn, where n0 is the refractive index at RT and Δn is the change in refractive index due to changes in temperature. The TOE influence on the transmission can be greatly increased with the increase in the finesse. Higher finesse is manifested by a narrower FWHM. A nominal temperature change induces a specific shift in wavelength which is independent of the finesse. Thus, with higher finesse the wavelength shift of the resonator does not change but the transmission decreases because of the new transmission spectrum. For instance, in Fig. 3a, the transmission is at its maximum at 1546 nm (blue solid line) and a temperature change induces a 0.116 nm shift so the transmission at this wavelength decreases (red dashed line). However, if the finesse was lower, that is, broader FWHM, the transmission would not have been decreased that much. That is, the sensitivity to temperature would have been lower and vice versa with higher finesse. In this manner, higher finesse is expressed in higher sensitivity to temperature, that is, higher sensitivity to signal tracking and filtering. Therefore, the coatings were added on both sides of the Si slab (see Fig. 2) to increase the finesse in the proposed device.

The temperature required for full FSR scan, or peak to peak wavelength shift, ΔTπ, is dependent on the thickness of the FP, l, the TOC and the thermal expansion as described in the following eq. [31]:

$$ \Delta {T}_{\pi }=\frac{\lambda }{2l\left(\frac{\partial n}{\partial T}+ nk\right)} $$
(3)

where k (=2.6X10–6 1/K) is the thermal expansion coefficient. The meaning of ΔTπ can be better explained in the following sentences. A change in temperature induces a change in the real refractive index of the silicon. A change in the latter changes the transmission spectrum; with increase in temperature the transmission spectrum shifts to higher wavelengths (red shift), so light with higher wavelength is transmitted. In other words, a change in the transmission spectrum affects the transmitted intensity of the probe laser. That is, if the probe laser intensity is at its maximum at a nominal temperature and because of a continuous temperature change its intensity decreases and then returns to its maximum again the temperature change is said to be ΔTπ. If the probe laser intensity is at its maximum at a nominal temperature and because of a continuous temperature change its intensity decreases and does not return to its maximum the temperature change is not ΔTπ but only a fraction of it. An example of a change in temperature that is only a fraction of ΔTπ can be seen in Fig. 4. It this figure the temperature change is only 100 K where the ΔTπ = 350 K, that is, 350 K is the temperature needed to for the probe laser to return to maximal transmission intensity.

The coatings were made of 18 dielectric layers of Ta2O5 and SiO2 with total coatings thickness of d = 4 μm on each side of the slabs which were double sided optically polished, as seen in Fig. 1b. The coatings expected reflectivity in the IR is about 95% (finesse of 60), however, the highest finesse observed is 30 probably because of the silicon slab low surface quality. These coatings were chosen to reflect IR light (around 1550 nm) for improved finesse and to transmit 532 nm and 808 nm (laser wavelengths at our disposal) for obtaining better pump efficiency. However, no optical pump was used in the research presented in this paper.

Fig. 1
figure1

a Experimental setup: transmission of IR laser beam trough the coated Si slab. b Si etalon dimensions: Width = Height = 20 mm, silicon thickness l = 470 μm and coating layers d = 4 μm

Full size image

The experimental setup is composed of an IR laser beam, the probe, transmitted through the coated Si slab with beam direction normal to the slab face for maximum transmission intensity, as seen in Fig. 1a. The probe is a “HP” 5 mW, wavelength tunable, CW laser beam around 1550 nm (model “HP 8168F”) with 2 mm diameter. The probe transmission is detected by “Thorlabs” InGaAs detector (model “PDA400”) and the transmission spectrum is taken by an oscilloscope. The specific pass bands sensitivity is determined by the FWHM size which is dependent on the finesse acquired. The wavelength of the transmission bands are tuned by temperature variation, as mentioned before.

The transmission spectrum is shifted with the change in temperature which is controlled by a thermo-electric cooler (TEC) derived by “Wavelength Electronics” temperature controller (model “LFI-3751”) with temperature control of 0.01 K. The tuning time is few seconds but can be decreased to few micro-seconds with resistive heating and even shorter with optical heating [29, 34]. Even though optical heating can induce absorption, the real refractive index effect on a resonator transmission is usually larger than the increase in absorption [35]. In addition, the illumination of pump does not have to be in the area of transmitted signal, or probe, but rather in any other area from which heat can be conducted across the silicon sample (silicon is a good heat conductor), farther than the FCCs diffusion length, so absorption will be avoided. Figure 2 illustrates the filter tuning with the TEC. The total loss in this system is as low as 3 dB, due to the sample coatings.

Fig. 2
figure2

The experimental setup: a Scheme b Picture

Full size image

Results

Simulations

A Matlab simulation of the normalized transmission spectrum through a Si etalon (470 μm thick) as a function of wavelength at different temperatures can be seen in Fig. 3a. It is based on eqs. (1)–(3), being the TOE theorem which predicts the change in the transmission spectrum due to temperature variation. The simulation results show the dependence of wavelength shift on temperature at RT (solid blue line) and above RT (dashed red line). The temperature variation chosen in the simulation is 1.4 K above RT which yields a wavelength shift of 0.116 nm which is a little more than the FWHM. With these results the dependence of wavelength shift on temperature is calculated to be 0.083 nm/K and its shows that the full FSR can be covered by about 9 K.

Fig. 3
figure3

Simulations: a Transmission of a coated Si slab (470 μm thick) vs. wavelength at two temperatures. b FSR and ΔT π vs slab thickness. Inset: Thickness variation yielding FSR of 35 nm

Full size image

In Fig. 3b, simulation of the FSR and ΔTπ as a function of thickness can be seen. Noticeably, the FSR (and consequently the FWHM) are inversely proportional to the thickness of the slab and so does the ΔTπ. Thus, for higher spectral resolution in short regions of wavelengths thinner slabs are needed. The opposite goes for scanning broad regions of wavelengths but with lower spectral resolution which requires thicker slabs.

In the inset of Fig. 3b, FSR of up to the full C-band region of 35 nm as a function of the thickness can be seen. It shows that a 10 μm slab thick is required for FSR of 35 nm with ΔTπ of about 350 K. Therefore, a simulation of IR light intensity transmission through a 10 μm thick slab was made, seen in Fig. 4. The purpose of this figure is to show that a full C-band scan can be done with only one wavelength transmitted, i.e. channel separation can be accomplished for the full C-band, even though the transmitted spectrum is periodic, which could not be done for the entire C-band with a 470 μm thick slab. This is achieved by the wide FSR of the slab, which is determined by its thickness.

Fig. 4
figure4

Simulation for slab of 10 μm which cover the entire C-band (done for finesse 100)

Full size image

In this figure, transmissions through coated Si slab vs. wavelength, in the range of 1520 nm to 1570 nm, is seen at RT (solid blue) and at 100 K (dashed red). Since the maximum in transmission is periodic every about 35 nm (for a 10 μm slab FSR), there are two maxima at RT (solid blue) in this graph range, at 1530 nm and at 1565 nm. That is, at these two wavelengths of probe laser the transmission intensity through the slab will be at its maximum. However, when the slab is heated to 100 K the maximum in probe transmission will only be when the probe is lasing at 1540 nm. With this transmission spectrum only one peak in transmission exist, rather than several peaks in thicker samples. Thus, only a specific wavelength can be chosen to be transmitted through the slab in the region of interest.

As mentioned above, different slab thicknesses are required for different regions of wavelengths (channels) scanning and spectral resolution. With the thinner slabs more channels are transmitted, in which the spectral resolution is higher, whereas with thicker slabs less channels are transmitted, but with lower spectral resolution. Thus, there is a tradeoff between thicker and thinner slabs. Whether to use one thickness or another is determined by the circumstances and objectives of the system. For instance, as shown above, for a full C-band scan with a single transmitted channel a slab of 10 μm is required. However, the slabs at our disposal are of 470 and 50 μm thick. Therefore, in the experimental results shown hereafter, several channels across the C-band are transmitted with spectral resolution of up to 0.07 nm. This resolution can be further increased with better finesse.

Experimental results

Transmission through the Si slab as a function of wavelength for about 8 nm in the C-band region can be seen in Fig. 5. The transmission spectrum is measured whilst the laser beam wavelength is scanned. The FSR of the Si slab is 0.73 nm and its FWHM is 0.07 nm which results from finesse of 10. The transmission comb is represented as the “through transmission” rather than the “drop transmission” usually shown in ring resonators.

Fig. 5
figure5

Transmission of 470 μm thick coated Si slab vs. wavelength

Full size image

As mentioned above and shown in the simulations, the filter can be tuned by changing the temperature. Experimental results of the normalized transmission spectrum through the Si etalon as a function of wavelength at different temperatures can be seen in Fig. 6a. A shift in the transmission spectrum to longer wavelengths is induced, according to the TOE theorem, due to an increase in the temperature. The shift is of about 0.124 nm which relates to an increase in the real refractive index of 2.6E-4. The latter is induced by an increase in the slab temperature of 1.4 K. From these results, the linear relation between the wavelength shift and temperature is calculated to be 0.089 nm/K, which is not far from the simulation prediction of 0.083 nm/K.

Fig. 6
figure6

a Transmission spectrum of 470 μm thick coated Si vs. wavelength at RT (in solid blue line) and at RT + 1.4 K (in dashed red line). b The wavelength shifts vs. temperature range of 10 K

Full size image

For a slab of 470 μm ΔT π is about 9 K. Even though the temperature for a full FSR scan is not high and therefore can be attained fast and with low power consumption relative to thinner slabs, its FSR is not broad enough to cover the entire C-band region. Notwithstanding, the filter FWHM is 0.07 nm or about 9GHz and can provide a good channel isolation. The attenuation factor or extinction ratio, as one of the features which define the quality of the filter, is about 20 dB. In Fig. 6b one can see the summary of several wavelength shifts with temperature in which a linear behavior is observed; the experimental results (red circles) fit well with the simulation (solid blue line). The temperature is in the range of 10 K, a range that is useful in feedback loops and DWDM wavelength shifts, as mentioned in the method section.

As seen above, in Fig. 6, the wavelength shift as a function of temperature has a linear behavior. In order to discover how the wavelength shift as a function of wavelength behaves, an experiment was conducted, as seen in Fig. 7. In this figure, the intensity transmission was measured as a function of wavelength at 30 °C (blue solid line) and at 33 °C (red dashed line) over the wavelength range of about 10 nm. The results show that the wavelength shift as a function of the wavelength in that range is close to constant, around 0.25 nm ± 0.005 nm with ΔT = 3 K. nm The ±0.005 nm variation along 10 nm is an order of magnitude less than the aforementioned resolution of 0.07 nm, that is, the accuracy is good.

Fig. 7
figure7

Transmission spectrum of 470 μm thick coated Si slab vs. wavelength at 30 °C (blue solid line) and at 33 °C (red dashed line)

Full size image

The FSR, and therefore the FWHM as a nominal finesse, depends on the thickness of a slab, thus, a different slab thickness behavior with temperature is in order. In Fig. 8 transmission as a function of wavelength through 50 μm coated silicon slab is seen. One can see that the 6.9 nm FSR is wider than in the 470 μm thick slab, due to the increased thickness, as predicted in the simulation section above. In addition, the 0.5 nm FWHM of the etalon which is narrower than the 470 μm slab indicates on a greater finesse and allegedly a better resolution in channel selection. Notwithstanding, the FWHM is still broader than the thicker slab, so even though the absolute resolution of the 470 μm slab is better, the wider FSR of the 50 μm slab yields an broader differentiation between channels.

Fig. 8
figure8

Transmission of a 50 μm thick coated Si slab vs. wavelength at RT and at RT + 25 K, experiment and simulation

Full size image

As mentioned above, the simplicity of the proposed device gives it an advantage over other IIR filters such as ring resonators by enabling it to be integrated between two fibers, avoiding the SOI structures and coupling of tapered waveguides. In Fig. 9a, a picture simplifying the idea of such a device in its preliminary form of integration, is presented and its operational scheme is shown in Fig. 9b. As the temperature is changed by the TEC the transmission spectrum shifts similarly to the free space setup.

Fig. 9
figure9

Fibre modulation setup: a the experimental setup composed of a Si slab in the TEC integrated into an input and output fibers. b Scheme of the probe beam propagation in the device

Full size image

Discussion

As mentioned above, a full C-band scan of 35 nm requires a 10 μm thick silicon slab. In this thickness the ΔTπ is around 350 K above RT. This temperature requires consideration of the thermal parameters such as the expansion coefficient and the ΔTπ. The former affects the FSR; however, in that temperature it is negligible, less than pico-meter change. The latter, although depending on the thermal expansion coefficient, is mainly determined by the TOE which also affects the FSR. However, the TOE is around 20 times larger than the thermal expansion in the temperature range of 350 K. Therefore, the TOE dependence on temperature is taken into account in eq. (1), whereas the thermal expansion coefficient change can be neglected.

One can notice that the experimental results shown in Figs. 5, 6, 7 and 8 are noisy in addition to the changes in FWHM, in Fig. 6a which is up to 50% in the FSR range. The measured transmission spectrum is constructed from of relatively large discrete wavelength scanning steps, of 10 pm, of the tunable probe laser. There is a tradeoff between small steps, which take more scanning time, but result in higher transmission spectrum resolution and large steps, which take less scanning time but produce lower transmission spectrum resolution. Furthermore, the changes in FWHM of up to 50%, in the FSR range, seen in Fig. 6a are ascribed to noise. Any noise in the system may be due to temperature fluctuations. In addition, due to sample thickness variation, the transmission spectrum changes when the probe is transmitted through different locations in the slab, so any mechanical vibration or instability might cause changes in the transmission spectrum. Therefore, spatial uniformity is an important ingredient in such a method. However, all of the above can be better controlled and improved.

The device presented in this paper can act as a narrowband optical filter offering tunability in the C-band region with narrow and smooth spectral transmission window which provides good channel isolation. The narrow transmission window is often measured as the bandwidth which in this paper is shown to be 0.07 nm or almost 9GHz. Furthermore, the bandwidth can be decreased below 3GHz by improving the finesse of the device: As shown in previous work [29], a finesse of 30 can be achieved which can yield the aforementioned narrow bandwidth. However, there is a tradeoff between greater channels separation in a 50 μm thick slab to better resolution in a 470 μm thick slab.

As seen above, this device is very sensitive to a change of temperature. While this is useful for switching, it can cause stabilization problems. Therefore, a temperature controller with specific parameters, such as temperature range, resolution, accuracy and stabilization is required to be fitted for each application. For instance, a full C-band filter system with 0.1 nm resolution will have to have a temperature controller with a temperature range between RT and RT + 350 K (with a 10 μm thick slab) and a temperature resolution of 1 K.

A full C-band scan requires 350 K increase in temperature which results in several arising issues mentioned next. One of them is that at this high temperature of 380 °C the forbidden gap might change and so the absorption will increase, however, it remains around ~1.1 eV so the absorption will not change significantly. Another issue is the film and housing stability which will have to be suited for the application in terms of stability requirements in this high temperature. Future developments can be integrating the device inside a vacuum chamber with a 3D structure for temperature control. In the device shown in this paper the power consumption was not given much weight. However, taking it into account, the maximum power consumption is dependent on the silicon volume needed to be heated and can be as low as the order of 10 mW. The last issue is the maximal temperature which can decrease if the initial temperature will be below room temperature and the device calibrated accordingly, for instance, between 0 °C and 350 °C.

Since the transmission spectrum is periodic, there is a problem of choosing and knowing which tooth of the comb will transmit the target wavelength. A solution to this problem is as follows: By calibrating the system to match a specific channel for each temperature, any wavelength transmission in the C-band region can be accurately achieved. As seen in the full C-band scan simulation result, Fig. 4, a 10 μm silicon slab is sufficient for a full C-band scan, that is, a 35 nm scan. Calibration can be done by one time recording of the transmitted wavelength at each temperature, for example, between RT and RT + 350 K. Once it is done for the entire C-band the wavelength can be recalled according to recorded wavelength at that temperature. Since the 10 μm FSR is 35 nm, a finesse of 100, resulting in FWHM of 0.35 nm, will answer the need of 0.4 nm DWDM channel isolation. Therefore, our device is suitable for discrete channel switching in optics communication applications.

Implementation the filter between two fibers (Fig. 9) will induce more than 3 dB signal loss due to insertion loss. However, this configuration is only for simplification of the idea. For low loss applications the integration will have to be implemented in different ways. One way is to use collimators at the input and output of the fibers. Another way is shown in [8], in which they propose a compact all-fiber integrated modulator in which a free space cavity is replaced with a section of the fiber and constructed from a silicon core waveguide surrounded by a silica cladding and present a 1 dB insertion loss. They also discuss the device polarization independence as is the case in this paper. Therefore, there is no loss due to varying polarizations.

Optical applications often require repeatable, accurate and fast tunable filter such as closed feedback loop. For these applications a short bandwidth tunable filter that is implemented as an all-optical modulator or all-optical switching device can fulfil this need. This possibility of answering this need is shown in the work previously mentioned which presents this implementation by introducing some characteristics of our device such as speed (nanoseconds), accuracy and repeatability.

In addition, these capabilities make this device suitable for optical communication systems such as DWDMs. These multiplexers are profuse with channels and therefore have short channel spacing. However, receivers, in contrast to laser sources, prone to be wideband devices, thus, presenting a problem in channel de-multiplexing. Therefore, tunable filter which can switch channels in the C-band with 9GHz and even up to 3GHz (in larger finesse) is a solution for ever-growing number of channels in the C-band.

Our device has a smooth, rounded transmission spectrum that is the result of a single FP resonator, or cavity. However, flat top bandpass filters can be made by stacking multiple cavities together. The stacking of cavities results in the increase of the roll-off slope which in turn improves the out-of-band rejection level. Thus, our device, implemented as a multi-cavities device, can be used as an efficient optical comb switching for multi-wavelength message routing in Si photonics network applications such as CMOS technologies.

Conclusions

In this paper, we presented tunable thermo-optic filtering device based on coated silicon slab resonator with increased Q-factor for the C-band optical switching. It has a narrow and smooth transmission window which provides good channel isolation. Therefore, this device can be designed either for long range wavelength tuning of for short range with increased wavelength resolution. Proper channel isolation with an extinction ratio of 20 dB is achieved with spectral bandpass width of 0.07 nm. In addition, the coatings enable it to be fabricated in in-fiber applications such as integrated in-fiber optics communication system filter in addition to its simplicity. The characteristics of the proposed device make it suitable for wavelength switching systems such as DWDM.

Abbreviations

DWDM:

dense wavelength division multiplexing

FCCs:

free charge carriers

FIR:

finite impulse response

FP:

Fabry-Perot

FSR:

free spectral range

FWHM:

full width half maximum

IIR:

Infinite Impulse Response

RT:

room temperature

SOI:

Silicon-On-Insulator

TEC:

thermo-electric cooler

TOC:

thermo-optic coefficient

TOE:

thermo-optic effect

References

  1. 1.

    Yariv, A., Yeh, P.: Photonics, 6th Ed. Oxford University Press (2007)

  2. 2.

    Rabus, D.G., Hamacher, M., Troppenz, U., Heidrich, H.: Optical filters based on ring resonators with integrated semiconductor optical amplifiers in GaInAsP–InP. IEEE J. Sel. Top. QUANTUM Electron. 8(6), (2002)

  3. 3.

    Madsen, C.K., Zhao, J.H.: Optical Filter Design and Analysis : a Signal Processing Approach. John Wiley (1999)

  4. 4.

    Orta, R., Savi, P., Tascone, R., Trinchero, D.: Synthesis of multiple-ring-resonator filters for optical systems. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 7(12), 1447–1449 (Dec. 1995)

  5. 5.

    Griffel, G.: Synthesis of optical filters using ring resonator arrays. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12(7), 810–812 (Jul. 2000)

  6. 6.

    Bogaerts, W., et al.: Silicon microring resonators. Laser Photonics Rev. 6(1), 47–73 (2012)

  7. 7.

    Almeida, V.R., Barrios, C.A., Panepucci, R.R., Lipson, M.: All-optical control of light on a silicon chip. Nature. 431(7012), 1081–1084 (Oct. 2004)

  8. 8.

    R. Aharoni, O. Baharav, L. Bidani, M. Sinvani, D. Elbaz, and Z. Zalevsky, “All-optical silicon simplified passive modulation,” J. Eur. Opt. Soc. - Rapid Publ., vol. 7, no. 12029, Jul. 2012

  9. 9.

    H. Pinhas, L. Bidani, O. Baharav, M. Sinvani, M. Danino, and Z. Zalevsky, “All optical modulator based on silicon resonator,” in SPIE, 2015, vol. 9609, p. 96090L–96090L–7

  10. 10.

    G. Cocorullo, F. G. Della Corte, M. Iodice, and I. Rendina, “Simple and low-cost silicon Fabry-Perot filter for WDM channel monitoring,” in 2000 Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meetings. Electronic-Enhanced Optics. Optical Sensing in Semiconductor Manufacturing. Electro-Optics in Space. Broadband Optical Networks (Cat. No.00TH8497), 2000, pp. IV45–IV46

  11. 11.

    Iodice, M., Cocorullo, G., Della Corte, F., Rendina, I.: silicon Fabry–Perot filter for WDM systems channels monitoring. Opt. Commun. 183(5–6), 415–418 (Sep. 2000)

  12. 12.

    Liu, Z., Liu, Z., Deng, Z., Tao, L.: Interference signal frequency tracking for extracting phase in frequency scanning interferometry using an extended Kalman filter. Appl. Opt. 55(11), 2985 (Apr. 2016)

  13. 13.

    N. European Exhibition on Optical Communication 2nd : Oslo, 22nd European Conference on Optical Communication, ECOC 96 : September 1519, 1996, Oslo, Norway, “Folkets Hus” Congress Centre. Telenor R & D, 1996

  14. 14.

    Ben Zaken, B., Zanzury, T., Malka, D.: An 8-channel wavelength MMI Demultiplexer in slot waveguide structures. Materials (Basel). 9(11), 881 (Nov. 2016)

  15. 15.

    Malka, D., Peled, A.: Power splitting of 1×16 in multicore photonic crystal fibers. Appl. Surf. Sci. 417, 34–39 (2017)

  16. 16.

    Malka, D., Cohen, M., Turkiewicz, J., Zalevsky, Z.: Optical micro-multi-racetrack resonator filter based on SOI waveguides. Photonics Nanostructures - Fundam. Appl. 16, 16–23 (2015)

  17. 17.

    Andrews, N.L.P., et al.: In-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer for gas refractive index measurements based on a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. Opt. Express. 24(13), 14086 (Jun. 2016)

  18. 18.

    Treyz, G.V.: Silicon Mach-Zehnder waveguide interferometers operating at 1.3 μm. Electron. Lett. 27(2), 118 (1991)

  19. 19.

    Cortelazzo, G., Lightner, M.: Simultaneous design in both magnitude and group-delay of IIR and FIR filters based on multiple criterion optimization. IEEE Trans. Acoust. 32(5), 949–967 (Oct. 1984)

  20. 20.

    Palupi, R.R., Syahriar, A., Lubis, A.H., Rahardjo, S.: Sardjono, simulation of Mach Zehnder Interleaver based thermo-optic effect in L-band range. In: RSM 2013 IEEE Regional Symposium on Micro and Nanoelectronics, pp. 269–272 (2013)

  21. 21.

    Okada, Y., Tokumaru, Y.: Precise determination of lattice parameter and thermal expansion coefficient of silicon between 300 and 1500 K. J. Appl. Phys. 56(2), 314–320 (Jul. 1984)

  22. 22.

    Lee, B.G., Biberman, A., Dong, P., Lipson, M., Bergman, K.: All-optical comb switch for multiwavelength message routing in silicon photonic networks. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(10), 767–769 (May 2008)

  23. 23.

    Sun, X., et al.: Tunable silicon Fabry–Perot comb filters formed by Sagnac loop mirrors. Opt. Lett. 38(4), 567 (Feb. 2013)

  24. 24.

    Tobing, L.Y.M., Lim, D.C.S., Dumon, P., Baets, R., Chin, M.-K.: Finesse enhancement in silicon-on-insulator two-ring resonator system. In: Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 92, no. 10, p. 101122 (Mar. 2008)

  25. 25.

    T. Kessler et al., “A Sub-40-mHz-Linewidth Laser Based on a Silicon Single-Crystal Optical Cavity,” 2012

  26. 26.

    Gosciniak, J., Bozhevolnyi, S.I.: Performance of thermo-optic components based on dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguides. Sci Rep. 3, 1246–1260 (May 2013)

  27. 27.

    Harris, N.C., et al.: Efficient, compact and low loss thermo-optic phase shifter in silicon. Opt. Express. 22(9), 10487 (May 2014)

  28. 28.

    Prabhathan, P., Jing, Z., Murukeshan, V.M., Huijuan, Z., Shiyi, C.: Discrete and fine wavelength tunable Thermo-optic WSS for low power consumption C+L band Tunability. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 24(2), 152–154 (Jan. 2012)

  29. 29.

    Pinhas, H., Danan, Y., Sinvani, M., Danino, M., Zalevsky, Z.: Experimental characterization towards an in-fibre integrated silicon slab based all-optical modulator. J. Eur. Opt. Soc. Publ. 13(1), 3 (Dec. 2017)

  30. 30.

    Soref, R.A., Bennett, B.R.: Electrooptical effects in silicon. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 23(1), 123–129 (Jan. 1987)

  31. 31.

    Cocorullo, G., Rendina, I.: Thermo-optical modulation at 1.5 μm in silicon etalon. Electron. Lett. 28(1), 83–85 (Jan. 1992)

  32. 32.

    Della Corte, F.G., Montefusco, M.E., Moretti, L., Rendina, I., Cocorullo, G.: Temperature dependence analysis of the thermo-optic effect in silicon by single and double oscillator models. J. Appl. Phys. 88(12), 7115 (2000)

  33. 33.

    Grillanda, S., et al.: Non-invasive monitoring and control in silicon photonics using CMOS integrated electronics. Optica. 1(3), 129 (Sep. 2014)

  34. 34.

    Tinker, M.T., Lee, J.-B.: Thermal and optical simulation of a photonic crystal light modulator based on the thermo-optic shift of the cut-off frequency. Opt. Express. 13(18), 7174 (Sep. 2005)

  35. 35.

    C. A. Barrios, V. R. de Almeida, and M. Lipson, “Low-power-consumption short-length and high-modulation-depth silicon electrooptic modulator,” J. Light. Technol., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1089–1098, Apr. 2003

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Mr. Dov Fridman of the mechanical workshop at Bar-Ilan University for his technical support, expertise and willingness that greatly assisted the research.

Funding

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The data will not be shared because of future developments and industrial applications which naturally require exclusivity and classifications, with the exception of reviewers’ special request.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering and the Nano-Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel

    • H. Pinhas
    • , Y. Danan
    • , M. Sinvani
    •  & Z. Zalevsky

  2. Faculty of Engineering, Holon Institute of Technology (HIT), 5810201, Holon, Israel

    • D. Malka

Authors

  1. Search for H. Pinhas in:

  2. Search for D. Malka in:

  3. Search for Y. Danan in:

  4. Search for M. Sinvani in:

  5. Search for Z. Zalevsky in:

Contributions

HP has conducted experiments and reached conclusions. DM has come up with the idea. YD is the science consultant and producer of Collaborations. MS is the physical consultant and has provided guidance. ZZ is the theoretical consultant and has provided guidance. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. Pinhas.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Keywords

  • Optoelectronics
  • Switching
  • Resonators
  • Infrared systems