Fabrication of perfect plasmonic absorbers for blue and near-ultraviolet lights using double-layer wire-grid structures

Abstract

This study proposes using double-layer wire-grid structures to create narrow-band, perfect plasmonic absorbers, which depend on polarization, for the short-wavelength visible and near-ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. A rigorous coupled-wave analysis reveals that the maximum absorption attained using Ag and Al is ~ 90% at 450 and 375 nm. Experiments using Ag yielded results similar to those predicted by simulations. These results demonstrate that narrow-band perfect plasmonic absorbers, which depend on the polarization, can be realized at 450 and 375 nm using Ag or Al.

Introduction

Optical filters are used over the wide wavelength range extending from the ultraviolet (UV) to infrared region of the spectrum. They can be roughly divided by function, such as for improving the brightness and contrast of images, selecting light and color at a specific wavelength by transmission or reflection, or scattering and attenuating light. In this study, we focused on an optical filter for narrow-band wavelength selection. Such filters can be divided into three types: filters that transmit light of a specific wavelength, filters that reflect light, and filters that absorb light. Examples include filters used for biosensing [1], infrared spectroscopy [2], solar cells [3,4,5], cooling by heat release [6,7,8], image sensors [9], color filters [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18], detectors [19,20,21], and fluorescence observations [22].

In this study, we have focused on perfect absorbers, which are one kind of wavelength-selection filter. Perfect absorbers have been studied for visible, infrared, and THz-light applications [2, 3, 17, 23,24,25,26]. On the contrary, UV applications include bandpass filters [27,28,29,30], band-stop filters [31], and broad-band absorbers from the UV to near infrared [32]. However, there are few reports of narrow-band perfect absorbers for the UV. If a perfect absorber of narrow-band UV light can be fabricated, UV light of a specific wavelength can be eliminated almost completely. For example, such an absorber can be used to remove the excitation light from fluorescence observations to enable the detection of only the visible light and obtain a clearer fluorescence image. Such a perfect absorber can not only be fabricated as a multilayer film structure from metal or a dielectric material but can also be produced using a metasurface, plasmonic crystals, metal nanoparticles, photonic crystals, graphene, and other materials [33,34,35,36].

Previously, we experimentally demonstrated extraordinary transmission phenomena due to propagating surface-plasmon resonances in a metal diffraction-grating structure [37, 38] and applied this phenomenon to surface-plasmon sensors [39, 40] and polarizing devices [41]. These extraordinary transmission phenomena arise when surface-plasmon resonances propagate over the metal diffraction-grating structure. By exploiting this phenomenon, we obtain the desired absorption characteristics with a simpler structure than a metamaterial by controlling the period and size of the metal diffraction-grating structure. Further, an absorbance close to 100% can be realized using this extraordinary absorption phenomenon, enabling the creation of a narrow-band perfect absorber for a specific wavelength.

In the present study, we used a double-layer wire-grid structure, which is one type of metal diffraction-grid structure, to absorb p-polarized short-wavelength visible light and near-UV light at a specific wavelength. To produce a narrow-band perfect absorber having a polarization dependence that allows selection of the wavelength and the polarization direction, we fabricated perfect absorbers for the wavelengths 450 and 375 nm and characterized their optical properties.

Design and simulation

In this study, we performed numerical analyses with the rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) method using MATLAB (Math Works) software and the program rcda-1d (Source Forage, http://rcwa-1d.sourceforge.net/). A schematic diagram of the two-layer wire-grid structure to be produced is shown in Fig. 1. A diffraction-grating structure with lines and spaces was first prepared on a quartz-glass substrate with an electron-beam (EB) resist, and then Ag or Al was deposited on it. The design parameters are the wavelength of light λ, the angle of incidence θ, the grating period p, the width w of the resist layer, the duty ratio w/p, the thickness h of the resist, and the thickness t of the metal. Table 1 shows the parameters simulated in this study. The wavelength of the light is 450 nm for the blue laser and 375 nm for the near-UV laser, and we calculated the transmittance, reflectance, and absorbance, depending on the angle of incidence, as well as two kinds of reflectance mappings while changing the angle of incidence. One type of map is that between the period p, the angle of incidence θ, and the reflectance, while the other is the relationship between the energy ћω, the wave number k, and the reflectance.

Fig. 1

Schematic of the wire-grid structure. This structure comprises metal and electron-beam (EB) resist layer on the SiO₂ substrate. Parameters p and w are the structural period and the width of metal on the resist layer, respectively. w/p is the duty ratio of the periodical structure. The parameter h is the thickness of the EB resist layer. The details of these values are shown in Table 1. The wavelength λ is between 450 and 375 nm. The incident angle θ is between 0^o and 50^o

Table 1 Simulation and fabrication conditions of the wire-grid structures

Experimental method

Figure 2 shows the procedure used in fabricating the wire-grid structure. We first cleaned a SiO₂ glass substrate with an organic solvent and then applied hexamethyl disilazane, the EB resist ZEP-520A, and an antistatic agent onto it. Next, we performed EB lithography using an EB lithography system (JEOL, JBX6300SF). The drawing conditions were an accelerating voltage of 100 kV, a beam current of 200 pA, and a dose amount of 200 μC/cm². After drawing the grid pattern, we removed the antistatic agent and then developed the resist. Next, we deposited Ag using a DC magnetron-sputtering device (SANYU, SC-701Mk-II) to form a double-layer wire-grid structure. The advantage of using this procedure is that the lift-off process can be omitted, and the wire-grid structure can be produced easily.

Fig. 2

Fabrication procedure of the double-layer wire-grid structure. a Cleaning the SiO₂ substrate and spin coating Hexamethyl disilazane. b Spin coating the electron-beam (EB) resist and antistatic agent. c Patterning using EB lithography and developing the EB resist. d Sputtering metal (Ag)

We performed the optical characterization using two kinds of light sources, a blue laser with a wavelength of 450 nm (CPS-450, THORLABS, output 5 mW, beam shape 3.2 mm × 1.0 mm, extinction ratio 25 dB) and a near-UV laser with a wavelength of 375 nm (LuxX 375–20, Omicron-Laserage Laserprodukt Gmbh, output 20 mW, Beam diameter 1.5 mm, extinction ratio 20 dB). Figure 3 is a schematic of the setup for optical characterization. The laser beam, which was TM-polarized by the polarizer, was focused by a lens onto the prepared grid structure at different angles of incidence. We measured the intensity of the 0th-order diffracted patterns of the transmitted light and the reflected light using a photodiode to determine the transmittance and reflectance. We obtained the  absorptance by subtracting the sum of the transmittance and the reflectance from 1.

Fig. 3

Schematic of the setup for the optical characterization. Transmittance and reflectance were measured under blue (λ = 450 nm) and near-UV (λ = 375 nm) laser light

Results and discussion

Figure 4 shows a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the surface pattern fabricated using EB lithography. In Panels (a) and (b) of this figure, p is the same (350 nm) but the duty ratio is different. Both patterns were produced according to the design values. We sputtered Ag onto this pattern to prepare the double-layer wire-grid structure.

Fig. 4

Surface SEM image of the patterns fabricated by electron-beam lithography. a For p = 350 nm, duty ratio w/p = 0.75. b For p = 350 nm, duty ratio w/p = 0.52

We then performed the optical characterization using the laser beams and compared the experimental data with the simulation results. Figure 5 shows the simulated and experimental angle-of-incidence dependence of the transmittance, reflectance, and absorptance when the TM-polarized light of wavelength 450 nm is incident on a pattern with p = 350 nm and duty ratio = 0.75. In both figures, the arrow marks the position of the absorbance peak. In the simulation, a reflectance dip can be seen at 16.4°, and a sharp absorptance peak occurs at the same angle. The peak absorptance is 91.2%. Note that TE-polarized light does not show such characteristics, and high reflectance is obtained in all angle ranges. Thus, the phenomenon shown in Fig. 5a occurs only for TM-polarized light. In the experiment (Fig. 5b), a peak absorptance of 85.4% was obtained at 18.9°, almost agreeing with the simulation results. The differences between the experimental and simulation results are probably explained by structural fluctuations in the fabricated structure, such as the width of the resist layer (see Fig. 4) and thickness of the Ag and resist layer.

Fig. 5

Angular spectra of the angle-of-incidence dependence of the transmittance, reflectance, and absorptance (λ = 450 nm, p = 350 nm, and duty ratio w/p = 0.75). a Simulation result and b experimental result. The arrow indicates the peak angle of the absorptance (dip angle of the reflectance)

We performed similar simulations and experiments at a wavelength of 375 nm. Figure 6 a shows the angle-of-incidence dependence of the transmittance, reflectance, and absorbance when TM-polarized light with a wavelength of 375 nm is incident on an Ag pattern with p = 350 nm and duty ratio = 0.52. In the simulation, the maximum absorptance was 98.6% at a peak angle of 4.0°. Although the experimental results (Fig. 6b) have some additional structure, the absorptance was 95.6% at 5.9°, almost matching the simulation results. These results demonstrate that this structure acts as a narrow-band perfect absorber that absorbs TM-polarized light at the specific wavelengths of 450 and 375 nm and reflects light of other wavelengths in the short-wavelength visible region and near-UV region. Perfect UV absorbers based on Al nanostructures have also been reported [42,43,44]. Khlopin reported an approximate absorptance of 30% in Al nanoparticle arrays [42]. Zhu reported an Al nanodisk array with a sharp absorptance of approximately 400 nm [43]. Gerasimov reported an Al nanoparticle array with 80% absorptance at 405 nm [44]. The present study achieves the approximate absorbance of 90% at 450 and 375 nm using a double-layered Ag wire-grid structure.

Fig. 6

Angular spectra of the angle-of-incidence dependence of the transmittance, reflectance, and absorptance (λ = 375 nm, p = 350 nm, duty ratio w/p = 0.52). a Simulation and b experimental. The arrow indicates the peak angle of the absorptance (dip angle of the reflectance)

We then examined why an absorptance peak and a reflectance dip are obtained at a wavelength of 450 nm and an incidence angle of 16.4° using the reflectance maps calculated by the RCWA method. Figure 7 is a color map of the reflectance for a grating period of 350 nm and a duty ratio of 0.75. The horizontal axis is the wavenumber k, the vertical axis is the energy ћω, and the color bar indicates the magnitude of the reflectance. The solid black line corresponds to the 2.76 eV (λ = 450 nm) and 3.31 eV (λ  = 375 nm) energies of the incident light. The blue regions in this figure represent dips in the reflectance, which correspond to the dispersion curve of the Rayleigh anomaly in the double-layer wire-grid structure. The white dashed line is the dispersion curve of the Rayleigh anomaly [42], calculated as follows [45]:

$$ \frac{\omega }{c}\sqrt{\varepsilon_d}={k}_0\sin \theta + mK, $$

(1)

where ω, c, and k₀ are the angular frequency, speed, and momentum of free-space light, respectively, and ε_d is the relative permittivity of the adjacent dielectric material. For nonabsorbing materials, ε_d can be expressed in terms of the refractive index n (n² = ε_d). The integer index pairs, m, denote specific SPP modes, and θ is the excitation angle. K is the wavenumber of the diffraction grating (=2π/p). These loci in the map can be fitted by Eq. (1) for n = 1 and n = 1.54 (yellow dashed lines in the map).

Fig. 7

Color map of the reflectance calculated using the RCWA method for a grating period p of 350 nm, duty ratio w/p of 0.75, an 80-nm-thick Ag layer, and a wavelength λ of 450 nm as a function of wavenumber and energy. The color bar shows the magnitude of the reflectance. The yellow dashed lines present the dispersion relationship of the Rayleigh anomaly [Eq. (1)] in the double-layer wire-grid structure for n = 1.00 and 1.54. The white dot is the position of the reflectance dip which is the intersection of the black solid line (2.76 eV) and the map locus for n = 1

The white dot in the map is the intersection of the black solid line (2.76 eV) and the map locus for n = 1. This intersection is the position of the reflectance dip. The angle of incidence of the light (calculated from the wavenumber) was 16.4°, consistent with the angle of the reflectance dip in Fig. 5a. Therefore, the large absorbance is attributable to the excitation of Rayleigh anomaly resonances in the double-layer wire-grid structure.

The resulting reflectance maps of Ag and Al at 450 and 375 nm are shown in Fig. 8. These maps relate the angle of incidence to the structural period. The several loci in these maps show the excitation conditions of the Rayleigh anomaly (n = 1, red dashed lines in Fig. 8) corresponding to the dispersion relation [42, 45]. The white dot indicates the angle of the absorbance peak. At 450 and 375 nm, the reflectance was minimized when the angle of incidence was 16.4° and 4.0°, respectively. In both the cases, the angle of minimal reflectance appeared on the loci of both Ag and Al. Therefore, in all the cases, the maximum absorbance peak and reflectance dip manifested from the excitation of the Rayleigh anomaly (n = 1) in the double-layer wire-grid structure. In Fig. 8 (b), the curves pointed by the white arrows cannot be fitted by the Rayleigh anomaly (n = 1), but can be fitted by the relationship is given by Eq. (2) [45]:

$$ \frac{\omega }{c}\sqrt{\frac{\varepsilon_d{\varepsilon}_m}{\varepsilon_d+{\varepsilon}_m}}={k}_0\sin \theta + mK. $$

(2)

where ε_d = 1.45² and ε_m is the relative permittivity of Al. Therefore, surface-plasmon polaritons are thought to be excited in the double-layer wire-grid structure.

Fig. 8

The color maps of the reflectance calculated using RCWA method. The color bar shows the magnitude of the reflectance. a For λ = 450 nm, Ag. b For λ = 450 nm, Al. c For λ = 375 nm, Ag. d For λ = 375 nm, Al. The detail structural parameter is shown in Table 1. The red dashed lines present the dispersion relationship of the Rayleigh anomaly [Eq. (1)] in the double-layer wire-grid structure for n = 1. In Panel (b), the white arrows display the dispersion relationship of the surface-plasmon polariton [Eq. (2)]

The magnetic field distributions under each condition are shown in Fig. 9. The red arrows indicate where the magnetic field is concentrated at the air–metal interface. These points correspond to the Rayleigh anomaly resonance at the air–metal interface (see Figs. 7 and 8). Therefore, the perfect absorption is probably contributed by Rayleigh anomalies at the air–metal interface.

Fig. 9

Color maps of the distribution of the magnetic field H_y calculated using the RCWA method. The color bar shows the magnitude of the magnetic field of a Ag at λ = 450 nm, b Al at λ = 450 nm, c Ag at λ = 375 nm, and d Al at λ = 375 nm. The details of the structural parameters are given in Table 1. Red arrows indicate where the magnetic field concentrates on the interface between air and metal

Figure 10 compares the absorption spectra of Ag and Al. The peak angles of Ag and Al were 16.4° and 4.0°, respectively. As these  absorptance-peak angles coincide with the angles of the reflectance dips due to propagating surface-plasmon resonances, we conclude that the extraordinary absorption phenomenon are contributed by propagating surface-plasmon resonances in these systems. Such propagating resonances also explain the extraordinary transmission phenomena in double-layer wire-grid structures [33, 34]. Although both Ag and Al presented the same peak angle at both the wavelengths, the peak widths of the two metals differed at both the wavelengths. At 450 nm, Ag presented a narrower peak than Al, but this situation was reversed at 375 nm. The narrower peaks of Ag and Al at 450 and 375 nm, respectively, can be explained by the propagation lengths of the surface plasmons. After calculating the wavelength dependences of the propagation lengths of the surface-plasmon polaritons on Ag and Al, it was found that Ag has a longer propagation length (3.26 μm) at 450 nm whereas Al has a longer propagation length (1.87 μm) at 375 nm. Therefore, using Ag at 450 nm and Al at 375 nm, we efficiently generated propagating surface-plasmon resonances, and produced sharp absorbance peaks. Therefore, we created the perfect, polarization-dependent plasmonic absorbers of short-wavelength visible light and near-UV wavelengths.

Fig. 10

Absorbance spectra at a λ = 450 nm and b λ = 375 nm. The red and blue curves are the absorbances of the Al- and Ag-double-layer wire-grid structures, respectively

Conclusions

In this study, we have designed a narrow-band perfect plasmonic absorber for short-wavelength visible light and the near-UV region using a double-layer wire-grid structure with Ag or Al. We simulated the angle-of-incidence dependences of the transmittance, reflectance, and  absorptance, fabricated the designed structure using Ag, and compared the experimental data obtained with this structure with simulation results. At 450 and 375 nm, the maximum absorptance of Ag and Al (91.2% and 89.4%, respectively) were achieved at 16.4° and 4.0°, respectively. We thus realized a TM-polarized perfect plasmonic absorber that selectively absorbs at a specific wavelength and reflects the light of other wavelengths. We also attributed the narrow widths at the half maximum of the angular spectra of Ag at 450 nm and Al at 375 nm to differences in the propagation lengths of the surface plasmons of Ag and Al.